The Treatment Of Schizophrenia With Occupational Therapy

The Treatment of Schizophrenia with Occupational Therapy â€Å"The role of social and rehabilitative measures has been proven to be single most effective non-pharmacological intervention for the long term sustenance of [patients with schizophrenia]† (Malik, S. Khan, Ataullah, Rana, F. Khan, 2016). Schizophrenia is severe disorder than affects a person’s ability to perform normal roles in their life. Because of the symptoms, people have a hard time finding the motivation to engage in enjoyable activities and in social contexts, but engaging in these occupational activities affects health and quality of life in a positive way (Bejerholm Eklund, 2007). Occupational therapists help people with schizophrenia express their emotions and participate in therapeutic exercises to enhance their skills, boost their self-esteem, and decrease the symptoms that persist with the disorder (Bejerholm Eklund, 2007). Schizophrenia is a severe psychotic disorder resulting in a range of sy mptoms from poor social skills to hallucinations. The disability in everyday functions, such as productivity and independence is one feature of this psychiatric disorder. Cognitive impairments and even comorbidities accompany schizophrenia. It is not uncommon to see substance abuse, other mental illnesses, or side effects from medication along with the presence of this disorder. Although they are not part of the diagnostic criteria, depression and anxiety are also commonly seen in patients with schizophreniaShow MoreRelatedSchizophrenia Case Study1205 Words   |  5 Pagesinterventions for the management of symptoms of schizophrenia. Emphasis is placed on early intervention as the recurrence of psychosis results in diminished cognitive functioning and severely impacts quality of life and functioning (Galletly et al., 2016). However, emerging evidence has shown that the acute presentation of schizophrenia can be delayed and potentially averted altogether (Galletly et al., 2016). Regardless of treatment phase, schizophrenia intervention is designed to mitigate systemRead MoreSchizophrenia And Its Effects On Mental Illness Essay1270 Words   |  6 PagesSchizophrenia Schizophrenia is a mental illness that interferes with a person’s ability to think clearly, manage emotions, decision making, and relate to others. It’s a long-term medical illness affecting 1% of Americans. The causes of schizophrenia include genetics, environment, brain chemistry, and substance abuse. Schizophrenia occurs roughly in 10%of people who have a first-degree relative with the disorder such as a parent or sibling. (NAMI: National Alliance on Mental Illness | What is SchizophreniaRead MoreThe Most Common Psychological Disorder1066 Words   |  5 Pages The Most Common Psychological Disorder; Schizophrenia Dakota Landers University of West Georgia Technical College July 3, 2016 Abstract Schizophrenia is a common disorder that effects many people. There are many types of symptoms that cause strange behavior and inability to function in certain situations. Although it is a very commonly diagnosed disorder there is no factual evidence of what causes people to be effected by it. There are people that do genetic testing to look forRead MoreThe Theory Of Genetic Predisposition And Abnormal Fetal Development852 Words   |  4 PagesBannister Schizophrenia is a chronic, complex disorder that causes neurotransmitters to disrupt functional circuits within the brain (7). â€Å"Approximately 1% of the population worldwide will develop schizophrenia during their lifetime† (6). There is no known definitive cause of the schizophrenia (10). Researchers believe that schizophrenia is a result of genetic predisposition and abnormal fetal development (11). Supporting the theory of genetic predisposition is the fact that schizophrenia occursRead MoreA Day Treatment For Psychiatric Patients1265 Words   |  6 Pages When charged with building a day treatment for psychiatric patients that includes a population of schizophrenia, bi polar disorder and various types of addictions, you have to come up with a safe environment, detailed activities, and interact with the patients to set meaningful goals. Occupational Therapy is a profession that teaches meaningful, functional, and adaptive life skills. OT services can be beneficial to psychiatric patients because the negative cycle and disease is reversed by incorporatingRead MoreSymptoms And Treatments Of Early Onset Psychosis868 Words   |  4 Pageswithin a psychiatric disorder such as schizophrenia, bipolar, or other psychoses, appearing in an individual before the age of 18 years old. Psychosis, including schizophrenia, comprises a major group of psychiatric disorder characterized by hallucinations and/or delusions (psychotic symptoms) that alter perception thoughts, affect and behavior, and which can considerably impair a child or young personâ⠂¬â„¢s development, relationships, and physical health. For treatment of psychosis, antipsychotic medicationRead MoreSymptoms And Treatment Of Schizophrenia1011 Words   |  5 PagesSchizophrenia is a mental disorder that consists of hallucinations, delusions, disorganized speech and thought. â€Å"Schizo† if Greek for Split while â€Å"phrene† means mind; schizophrenia literally translates to split mind (Burton, 2012). Why is schizophrenia considered to be split minded? According to Khouzam, 2012 split mind is used to describe the disruption within the thought process Schizophrenia is a mental disorder that has subcategories that include paranoia, catatonia, disorganized, residual andRead MoreSymptoms And Treatment Of Schizophrenia1108 Words   |  5 PagesSchizophrenia What is schizophrenia? Schizophrenia is a psychiatric disorder characterized by hallucinations, delusions, disorganized thought, cognitive impairment, and mood symptoms. Hallucinations may include hearing voices (auditory hallucinations) or seeing people (visual hallucinations) that are not actually present. Patient also often have â€Å"negative† findings such as decreased energy, flat affect, and a lack of interest. These symptoms must typically be present for at least 6 months andRead MoreTaking a Look at Schizophrenia650 Words   |  3 Pagesworld’s population has the acute mental disorder of Schizophrenia (World). It is one of the most common mental disorders in the world (World). Schizophrenia is a mental illness characterized by disordered thinking, delusions, hallucinations, emotional disturbance, withdrawing from reality (Gale), and thinking illogical, confused patterns (World). The disease causes impaired thinking, emotions, and behaviors in patients (Gale). The word Schizophren ia is a Greek meaning for a â€Å"splitting of the mind†,Read MoreThe Discovery Of Antipsychotic Medication1300 Words   |  6 PagesSince schizophrenia may not be a single condition and its caused are still unknown, current treatment methods are based on both clinical research and experience. These approaches are chosen on the basis of their ability to reduce the symptoms of schizophrenia and to lessen the chances that symptoms will return. Antipsychotic medications reduce the risk of future psychotic episode in-patients who have recovered from an acute episode. Even with continued drug treatment, some people who have recovered

Essay on Working in Business - 649 Words

Task The purpose of the assessment is to produce a professional presentation on an aspect of professionalism in the workplace. In the tutorial in week 3 (tutorial 2) your tutor will issue a presentation topic to your team and spend some time discussing how you might approach it. The topics are: * Team Diversity Your team needs to research the topic and prepare a professional presentation to the board of directors of SOUND WAVE, an Australian ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT RETAILER with 68 stores and 3,500 employees. Your presentation should be structured as a PERSUASIVE PROPOSAL; your aim is to convince the board to implement your recommendation. Introduction The purpose of this presentation is to discuss a current issue affecting the†¦show more content†¦The rationale for using teams is that there are inherent synergies, such that the team is greater than the sum of its parts. Teams allow both functional specialisation and collaborative interaction. Organisations should seek to form the most effective teams from their employees Australian workplaces are amongst the most diverse in the world. Many generations of immigration have created a diverse range of cultural backgrounds. The workforce is aging. There are more females employed and more employees come from non English speaking backgrounds. More people are shifting employers and occupations, bringing with them a greater range of skills, experiences and value sets. As the workforce becomes more diverse, so too will work teams These changes represent a challenge to Australian management. Diverse work teams operate differently to homogenous teams. There tends to be greater friction, conflict and communication problems. However, there are substantial potential gains to be made. There is strong evidence that diverse teams produce more creative and effective outcomes. In a dynamic environment where innovation and differentiation create strong competitive advantages, organisations need to harness this creativity. As illustrated in Figure 3, there are three major components ofShow MoreRelatedThe Importance Of Working Capital For A Business1505 Words   |  7 Pagesby the business to provide customers’ needs, indicates the importance of working capital. This paper seeks to examine the importance of working capital to a business. By definition, in order for a business to conduct its daily operations, such as payment of wages, the purchase of raw materials, it requires funds which are referred to as working capital which also covers overhead costs. In simple terms, working capital is money available to a business for its day-to-day operations. Working capitalRead MoreIs Social Business Working Out?1403 Words   |  6 PagesIs Social Business Working Out? Social networking has never been more popular, with social tools accounting for 20 percent of all online activity, per ComScore (Laudon Laudon, 2016, p. 65). Many of today’s employees are already well versed in the basics of public social networking using tools such as Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram (Laudon Laudon, 2016, p. 65). Social media is the next wave of the digital transformation that started with the web (Holmes, 2015). Social media has already profoundlyRead MoreThe Importance Of Working Capital For A Business1352 Words   |  6 Pagesimportance of working capital to a business. By definition, in order for a business to conduct its daily operations, such as payment of wages, the purchase of raw materials, it requires funds which are referred to a, working capital which also covers overhead costs. Companies aspire to maintain their cash at a desirable level in order to offset liabilities on maturity and the availability of production materials require by the busi ness to provide customers’ needs indicates the importance of working capitalRead MoreWorking With Complex Business Environment1420 Words   |  6 PagesTo cope with complex business environment, all companies need measurement and management tool to evaluate and control operations. Bernard Marr (2013) a leading business and data expert believe that if management tools are properly used they can be powerful enablers of changes and actions in companies. Currently, the world’s six most widely used management tools are as follows:Strategic Planning, Customer Relationship Management, Employee Engagement Surveys, Benchmarking, Outsourcing and BalancedRead MoreReport On A Business With Working Full Time948 Words   |  4 PagesHere s How to Start Your Business While Working Full-Time By Christie Uzebu | Submitted On July 12, 2015 Recommend Article Article Comments Print Article Share this article on Facebook Share this article on Twitter Share this article on Google+ Share this article on Linkedin Share this article on StumbleUpon Share this article on Delicious Share this article on Digg Share this article on Reddit Share this article on Pinterest Expert Author Christie Uzebu You want to stand on your feet, kick-startRead MoreWorking With Group Is Important For Any Business Essay1060 Words   |  5 PagesWorking with group is important for any business because partnership, communication and time administration skill can be gained by group work (Davenport Prusak, 1998). Group work helps to solve the problem and meet the goal easily. In different business situations such as real world problem, mismanagement and work with new employee, I participated simultaneously. As a group member I did the things listed below: Communication I shared my knowledge to the other member and contributed to the effortRead MoreWorking For A Business Or Starting A New One Essay1405 Words   |  6 Pages â€Å"Working for a business or starting a new one â€Å"is a debatable issue that has been raging for many decades, with no end in sight. In the simplest form some people don’t prefer to be controlled by someone or routine work and some others can accept that! They don’t prefer to take a risk of starting their own businesses. Opposers suggest that you ll actually consider the beginning of your startup to a greater extent a side interest than a living, and you ll be less inspired to sustain it to realizationRead MoreEssay about Working in Business Portfolio2175 Words   |  9 PagesWorking In Business Portfolio Context Introduction p3 Section 1 – Intrapersonal effectiveness p4-5 Section 2 – Interpersonal effectiveness p6-7 Section 3 – organisational effectiveness p8-9 Conclusion p10 References p11 Introduction In working in business subject BSB 124, it aim to develop an understanding of the skills require to work effectively in a professional businessRead MoreWorking Towards A Business Administration Degree1992 Words   |  8 PagesIntroduction Students who are working towards a business administration degree may be considering opening their own business. WAIT a minute; in school students don’t learn how to start a business. Students learn skills in: Math, Statistics, Accounting, English, Economics, and more. Even though they don’t necessary learn how to start a new business, students gain knowledge on necessary skills that they may need to operate a business. When a person opens a business it usually means he/she is an entrepreneurRead MoreDells Working Capital Business Case1128 Words   |  5 PagesAssigment 1 Dell’s working Capital Student number Name Class 0804809 Shu Pei Sun BE37 †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Question 1: Kennis Inzicht Toepassen x x 5 punten Calculate the level of working capital for Dell for the years 1994, 1995 and 1996. (Please show the full calculation and formula’s used) The total current assets in 1996 are: $ 1.957.000 The total current assets in 1995

Sany Heavy Industry Co. Ltd Management Analysis & Development Strateg

Question: Discuss about the Management Analysisfor Sany Heavy Industry Co. Ltd. Answer: Introduction The company Sany Heavy Industry Co. Ltd. is a renowned Chinese multinational organization operating in heavy machinery manufacturing industry. The company is considered as the sixth-largest heavy equipment manufacturer in the world (Khl.com 2012). The company has many industrial parks in China and other various countries. The company was founded in 1994 under Sany Group. The company got pubic in the year 2003. The company Putzmeister was founded in the year 1958. The Karl Schlecht foundation sold 100% shares of Putzmeister in the year 2012 to the Sany Heavy Industries (Putzmeister.com 2017). The report discuses about the Porters five force analysis on the Sany Heavy Industry. Along with that, the report also discusses about the PESTEL analysis of China. The report also discusses about the Putzmeister GmbH which is an undertaken company of Sany Heavy Industries. Along with that, the report also discusses about the PESTEL analysis of Germany. The analysis is based on the data collected from various sources falling in the year 2007-20112. The report focuses on the potential analysis of Sany Heavy Industries and it performance in China along with the case understanding of Putzmeister and the acquisition .by Sany Group. Porters Five Force Analysis of Sany Heavy Industry Porters five force model consists of the power of five forces which influences the market position and the internal and external environment of a company in a particular industry. Threat of new Entrant The company Sany Heavy Industry has the business model of manufacturing heavy industrial machineries. The market of such business has low competition rate along with the business need to have large amount of financial support. Thus, threat of new entrant is low. Threat of Substitution There is no as such substitute product available in the market and chances of entry of such substitute is also low for the company Sany Heavy Industry. Bargain Power of suppliers The machinery manufactured by the company needs to take supply from various other hardware companies. However, there are various such suppliers in China and the other countries where the company operates. Hence, the bargaining power of the suppliers are high. Bargain Power of Buyers The buyers of such high tech machinery are the companies who are in the manufacturing and production business too, but they dont product machinery. Industrial Rivalry There are few competitors of Sany Heavy Industry such as Caterpillar Inc., Sichuan Tengzhong Heavy Industrial Machinery and Wowjoint Holding Limited. The companies also have good reputation in the market and there is string competition in the Industry and increasing Industrial Rivalry. PESTEL Analysis of China Political Unstable political government (Researchgate.net 2011) Government supports for the industrial business. Economic China is the second biggest economy in the world. High population growth. It has increasing GDP rate during 2007-2012 and till present. It has higher rate of GDP increase than US (Theguardian.com 2017). Valuation of industries are also increasing (Theguardian.com 2017). Social Ethic culture is there in China. Issues with gender discrimination Comparatively poor class is more accounted Attractive market for the foreign investor (Scmp.com 2017) Technological Technological developments is a priority in China (Cao 2017). Various challenges for attaining advanced implementation processes. Price wars are issue for the big industrial set ups (Cao 2017). Environmental Various kind of environmental problems. High air pollution rate due to excessive use of cars and other industrial manufacturing set ups (Livescience.com 2017) Water pollution rate is also high in the cities of China (Livescience.com 2017) Cancer villages found in some areas of China Segmented and diverse markets for the industrial goods (Livescience.com 2017) Legal Various International and Trade laws imposed by the government of China for global companies (Anzbusiness.com 2017). Various financial and legal regulation for the heavy industries (Anzbusiness.com 2017) Regulation for foreign currency conversions and other trade practices (Anzbusiness.com 2017) (Source: Created by author) Porters Five Force model of Putzmeister GmbH Threat of new Entrant The heavy manufacturing industry merely use to have threat of new entrants in the market. The business startup requires huge amount of investment and lies with high risk too. Thus, the force of threat of new entrants is low for Putzmeister GmbH, Germany (Jessberger and Liefner 2014). Threat of Substitution There are very few substitutes and it is hardly found in the market. Henceforth, the chance of getting threats from the substitutes in the market is very less. Bargain Power of Suppliers In Germany there are also many suppliers of the machinery parts, equipments to the manufacturing machine builder companies like Putzmeister GmbH. Henceforth, the bargain power of the suppliers is low and the for force is not so influencing for Putzmeister GmbH (Jessberger and Liefner 2014). Bargain Power of Buyers The buyers of such machinery are the manufacturing companies of other sectors like food and vehicles, automobiles and hence they use to have low power of bargain (Jessberger and Liefner 2014). Industrial Rivalry The machinery and equipments industry is very lucrative industry in Germany and it is considered as the best field for the foreign investors too. Though there are rivalry in the industry since the products are used to be expensive and quality and longevity also matters in such cases of this type of products. There are few big companies in Germany who are in the same industry and the trading use to be competitive in Germany (Jessberger and Liefner 2014). PESTEL Analysis of Germany Political Largest consumer market in Europe (Export.gov 2017) Stable political environment (Export.gov 2017) Government approaches for the growth of the business sectors (Export.gov 2017) Economic High GDP growth rate due to service sector and the industrial sectors (Businessculture.org 2017) Automobiles and metals industries have good influence in the economy of the country (Businessculture.org 2017) In the years of 1991 to 2010, the growth of the industrial sectors were higher than other sectors (Businessculture.org 2017). Resilient labour market during the financial and economic crisis Social Germany has 82 million residents It has a modern and multicultural economy in the country. Technological Many independent laboratories in the country. Government investment in various sectors of research. Most preferable position for various field of research among the other various countries in Europe. Automobile industry is the main strength of the country. Germany is considered as very advanced country since lots of money got invested in the research purposes. Environmental Frequent climate change Most populated country in the world (Smith 2017) Consequences of global warming and carbon emissions Legal Various regulation for the domestic automotive industries Regulations regarding the labour wages and overhead costs (Source: Created by author) Conclusion The report has gone through various news and articles to understand the current market position of the two companies Sany Heavy Industry and the Putzmeister GmbH. The research has found that, both of the companies has very good market position now and also they has good market position in the years 2007-2012. Along with that, the research has found the five forces analysis of the markets in the China and the Germany and it is concluded that, the companies has very good market situation for the future growth and it is recommended for both of the companies to implement more strategic management methods to achieve more growth in future. The report has also gone through the environmental analysis of the two countries China and the Germany. The analysis has gone through the political, economic, environmental, social and cultural, technological and legal environments factors for both the countries. The research has found that, there are sufficient potential in the environment for the business the heavy industries are doing. There are high competition but market players are very few hence it is easy for the companies to follow their rivals and act accordingly. References Anzbusiness.com. 2017. China Business Regulations. [online] Available at: https://www.anzbusiness.com/countries/china.html#.WPOt6NzafIU [Accessed 16 Apr. 2017]. Businessculture.org. 2017. Business culture. [online] Available at: https://businessculture.org/western-europe/business-culture-in-germany/ [Accessed 16 Apr. 2017]. Cao, C. 2017. Technological Development in Chinas Industry. [online] Chinaperspectives.revues.org. Available at: https://chinaperspectives.revues.org/924 [Accessed 16 Apr. 2017]. Export.gov. 2017. Political environment in Germany. [online] Available at: https://2016.export.gov/germany/MarketResearchonGermany/CountryCommercialGuide/DoingBusinessInGermany/index.asp [Accessed 16 Apr. 2017]. Jessberger, S. and Liefner, I., 2014. The German ME industry: an analysis in the context of innovation. E-Journal of China Urban Studies, 9(1). Khl.com. 2012. Global ranking. [online] Available at: https://www.khl.com/videozone/item72304/ [Accessed 16 Apr. 2017]. Livescience.com. 2017. China's Top 6 Environmental Concerns. [online] Available at: https://www.livescience.com/27862-china-environmental-problems.html [Accessed 16 Apr. 2017]. Putzmeister.com. 2017. Putzmeister - Germany. [online] Available at: https://www.putzmeister.com/enu/putzmeister-germany.htm [Accessed 16 Apr. 2017]. Researchgate.net. 2011. Political China. [online] Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/257679695_China%27s_Political_Stability_Global_Comparisons [Accessed 16 Apr. 2017]. Scmp.com. 2017. Environmental and social concerns of China. [online] Available at: https://www.scmp.com/news/china/article/1313968/environmental-and-social-concerns-rise-china [Accessed 16 Apr. 2017]. Scmp.com. 2017. Environmental and social concerns of China. [online] Available at: https://www.scmp.com/news/china/article/1313968/environmental-and-social-concerns-rise-china [Accessed 16 Apr. 2017]. Smith, B. 2017. Germany: Environmental Issues. [online] Azocleantech.com. Available at: https://www.azocleantech.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=549 [Accessed 16 Apr. 2017]. Theguardian.com. 2017. China economic. [online] Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2012/mar/23/china-gdp-since-1980 [Accessed 16 Apr. 2017].

Waiting lists in the NHS clearly demonstrate that it is inefficient Essay Example

Waiting lists in the NHS clearly demonstrate that it is inefficient Essay In 2002, public expenditure on health represented 7.7% of GDP. At the same time, over one million people were waiting for treatment on the NHS.1 Through a regression analysis with a sample size of over ten thousand, T.Besley et al found that if the long term waiting list were to rise by one per thousand, then there would be a 2% increase in the probability that an individual.would buy private insurance. It has therefore been shown through regression studies that consumers of health perceive quality in the NHS through waiting times. Given that taxation remains the primary method of funding the NHS, the fact therefore, that waiting lists do exist remains a cause for concern to many people as they question how their resources are being allocated. In this essay, I will principally discuss why waiting lists exist at all, and consider the related efficiency arguments. According to this aim, I plan to dispel the thought that waiting lists are altogether inefficient. When applying economics to any area in an efficient area we usually consider two variables; price and output. In this respect, the NHS can be considered an anomaly with respect to economics as resources must be allocated without the price mechanism. It can thus be seen on a very basic level why waiting lists might exist. Consider the following diagram:- Figure 1. We will write a custom essay sample on Waiting lists in the NHS clearly demonstrate that it is inefficient specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Waiting lists in the NHS clearly demonstrate that it is inefficient specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Waiting lists in the NHS clearly demonstrate that it is inefficient specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer As far as we are concerned, in the NHS, there are no costs of treatment. The NHS will face a demand curve, D1 and its patients will consume up to the point Qnhs. Were there an efficient price mechanism in place, it can be assumed that the optimum quantity would be at OQ*. It is thus the case that in the NHS there exists excess demand to the degree Qnhs OQ*. This excess demand can be simply thought of as the level of waiting lists. Before we can discuss fully whether waiting lists are efficient we must ask what efficiency is in the NHS. I will asses efficiency in the NHS predominantly around the concept of Pareto efficiency. Pareto defined the economically efficient outcome in society as being a situation where it is impossible to improve the lot of any person without hurting someone else. This implies allocative efficiency as there is the correct application of resources to each person. According to a single market, in this instance health, we can infer that this means that marginal benefits equal the marginal cost of consumption. We may also consider productive efficiency. That is that output is produced at minimum possible cost. Given that there is no price mechanism in the NHS to equate supply with demand, consumers are not deterred from using services as they face zero monetary expense. The main restrictions to access are formed through waiting lists. But why must they exist at all? A good answer to this question is provided by Buchanan. It is shown in the following diagram:- Figure 2 (Figure taken from Are waiting lists inevitable? A Street, S Duckett.) The x axis represents the level of private health provision. The individual with budget constraint AB and indifference curve I2 will purchase OQ1 health care. Given the introduction of an NHS, the x axis must now represent the level of social health care provision. Assuming that the individual transfers to public health care, he now has to purchase health care for others (according to the tax system) in contrast to the previous, private system in which he was only concerned with himself and his family. This will alter his indifference curve, I2-I2 , and less health care will be demanded, OQ2. If this is the case across the market, the consequence of public health care is that there will be a smaller aggregate expenditure on health care as compared to a private health care system. In addition to these problems, there will also be an increase in demand. In the NHS there are no user charges, as explained earlier. The consumer of public health care will therefore consume up until the point where the marginal utility of health care is zero. This will result in the optimum resource demand being OQ3. This restriction in supply and expansion of demand leads Buchanan to suggest that waiting lists are endemic to the (NHS) system. Since most potential patients cannot afford private health provision, they have a simple decision, be treated (and wait) or not be treated. Therefore, assuming that society is rational, the prospective patient will wait until he tops the list to get treated. This implies that the Pareto efficient outcome in a single market does not exist here and that waiting lists do suggest that the NHS is inefficient. The marginal patient is not the patient that equates his marginal cost of waiting with the marginal benefit of treatment, but the patient that perceives any benefit whatsoever from the treatment that he will receive at the future date. This suggests that as long as the demand curve is unchanged, the potential consumer surplus from inpatient treatment is not dissipated by the wait for treatment.2 Another reason why long waiting lists are inefficient is that as the waiting time increases, resources are allocated away from treatment towards administrative costs. This implies that as waiting times increase the service displays decreasing returns to scale rendering the quality of service smaller. Ideally, the hospital should aim to allocate its budget to the point at which it is indifferent between further3 increasing admissions and marginal wait reduction. A significant reason why this problem persists is that often, hospital managers cite increasing waiting lists when negotiating the hospitals budget with the government. In such situations in the past, the government has displayed a positive willingness to pay in reaction to increasing waiting lists, and as a result hospitals havent given a great enough weight to reducing lists, but rather to increasing admissions. It might however be unfair to judge the NHSs level of efficiency on its waiting list levels. Firstly, it might be the case that where there are areas that show a high proportion of people that are privately insured, lobbying for shorter waiting lists would decrease and this could lead to a positive correlation between private insurance and waiting lists. But why might this be? One of the greatest problems with the NHS is that of Supplier Induced Demand (SID). In terms of health care this refers to the extent to which a doctor provides or recommends the provision of medical services that differs from what the patient would have chosen if they had the same information and knowledge available as the doctor. Would a patient, for example, have given up an afternoon in the workplace if they had known on referral that the specific treatment for a complicated disease was a plaster to the toe? This idea falls in line with the fact that many remuneration systems are designed so that the doctor receives a greater income when they give a greater amount of services to each patient. This is borne out by a study by Krasnik et al (1990) who found that after GPs in Copenhagen had their remuneration methods changed to a fee-for-service basis, their activity increased until they attained their target incomes at which stage activity fell, suggesting SID. Might it be the case that waiting lists merely reflect the greed of GPs and the perverse incentives offered to hospital managers, rather than the actual inefficiency of the NHS? For certain waiting patients, it is evident that inpatient treatment is needed now, or not at all. A wait of any duration will be of no help at all. In the current NHS, priority is given to these patients. In the UK, waiting lists tend to build up for delay able cases5 In respect of this, waiting lists may simply represent a stock of work for doctors, ensuring that their scarce and skilled resources are utilised in the correct instances. It is also argued by Cullis and Jones that a waiting list allows for a balance of cases of differing nature and complexity, facilitating the teaching function of many hospitals. Taking these two points into account it may be argued that waiting lists optimally use the scarce resources presented to them, implying that waiting lists might actually facilitate efficiency. There is no doubt that increasing waiting lists are more than likely to indicate a poor performance in terms of economic efficiency. Between 1997 and 2002, expenditure on public health grew in total by over 50%. At the same time, waiting lists only fell by 15%, suggesting that there is a large misallocation of resources throughout the NHS and an undesirable level of efficiency. That is if we are looking to waiting lists as the key indicator of NHS performance. The weighting given to this area of NHS performance seems unfair and misinformed. It is my opinion that a reasonable waiting list actually gives rise to an efficient allocation of resources in a system that cannot naturally do so through the price mechanism. Undoubtedly lists can become unhelpfully large. In these cases I would argue that reforms such as buyer contracts could be easily be implemented that would prevent lists from becoming too large through the perverse incentives provided by the government to use waiting lists as a bargaining tool.

Overview of The Education of Women by Daniel Defoe

Overview of 'The Education of Women' by Daniel Defoe Best known as the author of Robinson Crusoe  (1719), Daniel Defoe was an extremely versatile and prolific author. A journalist as well as a novelist, he produced more than 500 books, pamphlets, and journals. The following essay first appeared in 1719, the same year in which Defoe published the first volume of Robinson Crusoe. Observe how he directs his appeals to a male audience as he develops his argument that women should be allowed full and ready access to education. The Education of Women by Daniel Defoe I have often thought of it as one of the most barbarous customs in the world, considering us as a civilized and a Christian country, that we deny the advantages of learning to women. We reproach the sex every day with folly and impertinence; while I am confident, had they the advantages of education equal to us, they would be guilty of less than ourselves. One would wonder, indeed, how it should happen that women are conversible at all; since they are only beholden to natural parts, for all their knowledge. Their youth is spent to teach them to stitch and sew or make baubles. They are taught to read, indeed, and perhaps to write their names, or so; and that is the height of a woman’s education. And I would but ask any who slight the sex for their understanding, what is a man (a gentleman, I mean) good for, that is taught no more? I need not give instances, or examine the character of a gentleman, with a good estate, or a good family, and with tolerable parts; and examine what figure he makes for want of education. The soul is placed in the body like a rough diamond; and must be polished, or the luster of it will never appear. And ’tis manifest, that as the rational soul distinguishes us from brutes; so education carries on the distinction, and makes some less brutish than others. This is too evident to need any demonstration. But why then should women be denied the benefit of instruction? If knowledge and understanding had been useless additions to the sex, GOD Almighty would never have given them capacities; for he made nothing needless. Besides, I would ask such, What they can see in ignorance, that they should think it a necessary ornament to a woman? or how much worse is a wise woman than a fool? or what has the woman done to forfeit the privilege of being taught? Does she plague us with her pride and impertinence? Why did we not let her learn, that she might have had more wit? Shall we upbraid women with folly, when ’tis only the error of this inhuman custom, that hindered t hem from being made wiser? The capacities of women are supposed to be greater, and their senses quicker than those of the men; and what they might be capable of being bred to, is plain from some instances of female wit, which this age is not without. Which upbraids us with Injustice, and looks as if we denied women the advantages of education, for fear they should vie with the men in their improvements. [They] should be taught all sorts of breeding suitable both to their genius and quality. And in particular, Music and Dancing; which it would be cruelty to bar the sex of, because they are their darlings. But besides this, they should be taught languages, as particularly French and Italian: and I would venture the injury of giving a woman more tongues than one. They should, as a particular study, be taught all the graces of speech, and all the necessary air of conversation; which our common education is so defective in, that I need not expose it. They should be brought to read books, and especially history; and so to read as to make them understand the world, and be able to know and judge of things when they hear of them. To such whose genius would lead them to it, I would deny no sort of learning; but the chief thing, in general, is to cultivate the understandings of the sex, that they may be capable of all sorts of conversation; that their parts and judgments being improved, they may be as profitable in their conversation as they are pleasant. Women, in my observation, have little or no difference in them, but as they are or are not distinguished by education. Tempers, indeed, may in some degree influence them, but the main distinguishing part is their Breeding. The whole sex are generally quick and sharp. I believe, I may be allowed to say, generally so: for you rarely see them lumpish and heavy, when they are children; as boys will often be. If a woman be well bred, and taught the proper management of her natural wit, she proves generally very sensible and retentive. And, without partiality, a woman of sense and manners is the finest and most delicate part of Gods Creation, the glory of Her Maker, and the great instance of His singular regard to man, His darling creature: to whom He gave the best gift either God could bestow or man receive. And ’tis the sordidest piece of folly and ingratitude in the world, to withhold from the sex the due luster which the advantages of education gives to the natural beauty of their minds. A woman well bred and well taught, furnished with the additional accomplishments of knowledge and behavior, is a creature without comparison. Her society is the emblem of sublimer enjoyments, her person is angelic, and her conversation heavenly. She is all softness and sweetness, peace, love, wit, and delight. She is every way suitable to the sublimest wish, and the man that has such a one to his portion, has nothing to do but to rejoice in her, and be thankful. On the other hand, Suppose her to be the very same woman, and rob her of the benefit of education, and it follows- - If her temper be good, want of education makes her soft and easy. Her wit, for want of teaching, makes her impertinent and talkative. Her knowledge, for want of judgment and experience, makes her fanciful and whimsical. If her temper be bad, want of breeding makes her worse; and she grows haughty, insolent, and loud. If she be passionate, want of manners makes her a termagant and a scold, which is much at one with Lunatic. If she be proud, want of discretion (which still is breeding) makes her conceited, fantastic, and ridiculous. And from these she degenerates to be turbulent, clamorous, noisy, nasty, the devil! The great distinguishing difference, which is seen in the world between men and women, is in their education; and this is manifested by comparing it with the difference between one man or woman, and another. And herein it is that I take upon me to make such a bold assertion, That all the world are mistaken in their practice about women. For I cannot think that God Almighty ever made them so delicate, so glorious creatures; and furnished them with such charms, so agreeable and so delightful to mankind; with souls capable of the same accomplishments with men: and all, to be only Stewards of our Houses, Cooks, and Slaves. Not that I am for exalting the female government in the least: but, in short, I would have men take women for companions, and educate them to be fit for it. A woman of sense and breeding will scorn as much to encroach upon the prerogative of man, as a man of sense will scorn to oppress the weakness of the woman. But if the women’s souls were refined and improved by teaching, that word would be lost. To say, the weakness of the sex, as to judgment, would be nonsense; for ignorance and folly would be no more to be found among women than men. I remember a passage, which I heard from a very fine woman. She had wit and capacity enough, an extraordinary shape and face, and a great fortune: but had been cloistered up all her time; and for fear of being stolen, had not had the liberty of being taught the common necessary knowledge of women’s affairs. And when she came to converse in the world, her natural wit made her so sensible of the want of education, that she gave this short reflection on herself: I am ashamed to talk with my very maids, says she, for I don’t know when they do right or wrong. I had more need go to school, than be married. I need not enlarge on the loss the defect of education is to the sex; nor argue the benefit of the contrary practice. ’Tis a thing will be more easily granted than remedied. This chapter is but an Essay at the thing: and I refer the Practice to those Happy Days (if ever they shall be) when men shall be wise enough to mend it.

Internal and External Factors of Labour Market Essay

Internal and External Factors of Labour Market - Essay Example Labour market of Europe is suffering for aging workforce issues. Study suggests that there will be 4% hike in aging population within next eight years (Krenn and Oehlke, 2001). Companies are aware of the fact but they do not have much choice left due to following reasons: The world is going through one of the most turbulent financial period in the history of mankind. Companies are struggling due sluggish growth rate and low return on investment. They are not ready to invest money on recruiting new staff and designing training & development. Companies like P&G use â€Å"Build from within† strategy in order to give new job responsibility to existing employees without hiring external candidates. Many companies use â€Å"Build from within† strategy in order to reduce cost of developing untrained and fresh human resource pool. In 1993, Polachek and Siebert proposed Human Capital theory in order to address aging population issue (Polachek and Siebert, 1993, pp. 23-67). They h ave pointed out that life can be segregated into two phases. In the first phase young people develop human capital in terms of skill, knowledge and education while in the second phase they earn employment on the basis of developed human capital. The study suggests that substandard aging population has less human capital in comparison to talented young human resource. Human capital decreases due to aging. Labour market is heterogeneous because employers can never forecast accurately future productivity of particular employee.

Different Points of View on the Global Warming Essay

Different Points of View on the Global Warming - Essay Example It will be crucial to building a resonance scientific understanding of the systems through which climate change discloses, and, on the foundation of this information, to alleviate its force as far as possible while adjusting to its effects (Schreuder, 2009, p. 13). 1. The Facts: According to the 4th assessment report, there is proof that Africa is warming quicker than the global average, and it is likely to persist. It is projected that by 2100, temperature changes will drop in ranges of about 1.4 to almost 5.8?C raise in mean surface temperature contrasted to 1900, and around 10 to 90cm increase in mean sea level. This warming is most over the heart of semi-arid boundaries of the Sahara also the central southern Africa. Before the atmospheric amount of carbon dioxide equivalent has multiplied by two, the worlds mean precipitation is anticipated to be around 1-5 % more than 1900. Under the least warming situation, equatorial east Africa will have rainfall increase by 5-20 % during De cember, January as well as February and diminish by 5-10 % during June, July also August (Schreuder, 2009, p.39). Agricultural production with foodstuff security in most areas of Africa is likely to be strictly compromised by climate change, as well as climate variability. Climate change will deteriorate the water stress presently faced by some nations; while some of those nations, presently not at risk of water stress, will be affected. Changes in an array of ecosystems are by now being noticed faster than expected, mainly in the Southern African environments. Climate change and unpredictability could also lead to the flooding of low lying lands, comprising coastal settlements. Human health could also be more negatively affected by climate change with climate variability, for instance there has been a raise in the frequency of malaria in southern Africa as well as East African highlands. These unfavourable effects together with poverty, institutional frame works and Poor policy, ca use Africa to be one of the most susceptible continent to climate change as well as climate variability. It is established that the anthropogenic climate force is the chief cause of climate change. This comprises of green house gases, land surface changes and aerosols. Research has shown that while a rise in the amount of green house gases would augment global warming, a rase in atmospheric aerosols would reduce it, although alterations in the land cover could either augment or reduce the local temperature (Schneider, 2002, p.22). The increase in the GHG since industrialization in the 1900s is the main cause of the ongoing global warming. The raise has been related to a rise in the burning of fossil fuels, growing dependence on fossil fuel driven technologies, elevated population growth rates and land use results. More increase in the GHG altitudes is anticipated in the future as the developing nations are becoming further industrialized. Nevertheless, any increase in GHG increases the â€Å"green house† characteristics of the earth’s environment. These gases permit solar radiation to go through the atmosphere but hinder the reflected heat from escaping back into the apace which results to the earth’s temperature rise. Climate change is the main factor defining human advancement issues of the generation.